The Infamous...Alpo

 

by Ran

Alberto Geddis Martinez was born June 8, 1966 and grew up in New York City's Spanish Harlem, a predominantly Puerto Rican neighborhood located in Manhattan.

Martinez became involved in the drug trade in 1980, selling narcotics hand-to-hand on a street corner. He eventually met burgeoning cocaine kingpin and fellow Harlemite Azie Faison Jr. at Harlem's historic Rucker Park and began dealing drugs for him after asking for a job. During a shopping trip to purchase a Volvo for his mother, Faison noticed Martinez admiring an Isuzu Impulse on the showroom floor and immediately bought the $18,000 vehicle for him. Faison's childhood friend, Richard "Rich" Porter, who'd served a year in prison following drug and weapons convictions in 1984, reconnected with the former once he was released.

In 1986, Faison, Porter and Martinez sold upwards of five kilograms of cocaine per day in $10 increments. By year's end, the trio had established storefronts from which they continued their business, making in excess of $100,000 per week. Faison, in particular, opened an arcade, "The Jukebox", on Harlem's 145th Street.  The three made so much money during this period that Porter reportedly never wore the same outfit twice and Martinez and Porter purchased matching Porsche 944s.

Following the 1989 arrest of Washington, D.C.-based drug-trafficker Rayful Edmond, Martinez relocated to the area in order to take advantage of the vacuum left in the former's absence. After establishing a foothold in the city with the help of his enforcer, Wayne Anthony Perry, Martinez reportedly sold up to 30 kilograms of cocaine per day. 

In 1989, Martinez was indicted on narcotics charges. While Martinez himself was absent, multiple witnesses testified that he supplied crack-cocaine during the subsequent trial. Both Nathaniel Watkins and Sherrille Gilbert were convicted and sentenced to life in prison.

On Janurary 3, 1990, Rich Porter was murdered in his native Harlem. He suffered several gunshots to the head and chest and was found in the bushes in Orchard Beach Park with $2,239 in cash in his pockets. He was last seen driving his 1989 black Nissan coupe. 

Porter had been targeted for extortion in 1989 when his younger brother Donnell was abducted while on his way to his school, P.S. 92, on December 5. The kidnappers demanded $500,000 ransom for 12-year-old Donnell's safe return by telephone. When Porter insisted that he didn't have the half million dollars the kidnappers lowered the ransom to $350,000. On Dec. 6 the abductors directed the family to a nearby McDonald's restaurant located at West 125th Street and Broadway, where they found a coffee cup containing Donnell's index finger, two of his rings and an audio cassette in the men's bathroom. According to police, the cassette tape contained a recording of Donnell pleading to his older brother Rich to pay the ransom, stating, "They cutted my finger off...Please help me...Get the money. I love you, Mommy." Porter's sister Pat contacted the FBI against his wishes and was directed to the NYPD, who placed taps on the family's phone lines. On Dec. 10, a local boy delivered a note to the family's West 132nd Street apartment in Harlem given to him by an unknown woman stating that Donnell was badly in need of medical attention.

On July 17, 1990, D.C.-based drug kingpin Michael "Fray" Salters was shot to death at the behest of Martinez and Perry. The pair had allegedly paid Michael Anthony Jackson a half-kilogram of cocaine, a 9mm handgun and $9,000 cash to kill Salter because they'd learned that he'd planned to murder Martinez. 

On November 7, 1991, Martinez was apprehended by FBI agents and Washington, D.C. police shortly after 12 a.m. while driving through Southeast Washington.

On December 19, 1991, Martinez and four others were indicted in federal court in Alexandria, Virginia. Martinez's charges included conspiracy, weapons violations, money laundering and operating a continuing drug enterprise. He was also charged with 14 counts of murder. U.S. Attorney Richard Cullen described Martinez's organization as a narcotics network that spanned from New York City to Fredericksburg, Virginia. The group was estimated to have transported in excess of 500 kilograms of cocaine into Washington, D.C.

The other defendants included: Natasha Roland Martinez, David Mark Armstrong, Kevin Jerome Dockett and Ronnie Earl Melton. Armstrong, whose charges included money laundering and conspiracy, had been apprehended in Washington after FBI agents rammed the late model BMW that he was driving at the time of his arrest. Earlier in the day, Armstrong eluded federal agents who gave chase by driving in excess of 100 mph. He was placed into custody at approximately 11 a.m. following the intentional collision. 

Martinez agreed to cooperate with prosecutors, which included detailing his operation and confessing to 14 murders. He also disclosed that Perry murdered Salters; D.C.-based trafficker and former Martinez lieutenant Garrett "Gary" Terrell; and sex-worker and potential witness Evelyn Carter. Martinez also confessed to shooting Porter to death in Harlem with an accomplice and later carrying the body to City Island in the Bronx, where it was found at 12:50 am the next morning. He told law enforcement that the murder was the result of a business dispute between the two. Martinez alleged that Porter had routinely overcharged him from $3,000-$5,000 per kilo of cocaine that he supplied him. Because Porter was no longer around to raise the ransom demand, his younger brother Donnell was murdered by his kidnappers. On January 28, Donnell Porter's body was found in City Island, less than a mile from where Rich's body was discovered. The corpse was found inside 14 black plastic garbage bags. Martinez was subsequently sentenced to a 35-year federal prison term and entered the witness protection program. 

On March 5, 1993, Perry, Michael Anthony Jackson and Tyrone LaSalle Price were indicted on 27 counts in federal court, including robbery, kidnapping, retaliating against a witness, racketeering conspiracy, conspiracy to distribute crack-cocaine, and committing nine murders in furtherance of a continuing criminal enterprise. Consequently, Perry became the first person to face the death penalty in Washington, D.C. since 1971. Perry, in turn, agreed to a plea deal which included confessing to five murders in exchange for leniency during sentencing. He revealed that he shot the Brooklyn-based Benson as he was in the act of shaking Martinez's hand because he had allegedly slapped the latter's wife previously. Perry recounted shooting Carter in the head as she exited DAR Constitution Hall, near the White House, following a Keith Sweat concert, because he feared that she'd provide law enforcement with evidence that he'd murdered Salter. Perry also admitted to killing Terrell, Yolanda Burley and Alveta Hopkins but declined to provide information on anyone else's crimes. He was sentenced to a term of life in prison without parole. Days later, Price pleaded guilty to a single count of retaliating against a federal witness and two counts of second-degree murder. 

Martinez was released from supermax federal prison in Colorado in 2015 and moved to Lewiston, Maine, living in a three-bedroom, first-floor apartment under the name Abraham Rodriquez. After finding employment with Pepsi as a warehouse worker and a Walmart distribution center employee, Martinez started a business out of his 169 College Street apartment, 5 Star Construction Cleanup, in 2017. He owned a luxury sedan, a Harley-Davidson and a 2017 Dodge Ram pickup truck. Martinez made frequent trips to New York City in order to visit his mother (who died in 2020) and sister, both of whom had been diagnosed with cancer in the following years. He also visited other cities, including Boston and Atlanta, in order to attend parties. In July of 2021, Martinez reportedly moved to New Jersey and spent much of his time in his native New York. 

On October 31, 2021, at approximately 3:20 am, Martinez was murdered while driving through Harlem. After being shot six times through the driver's side window, he rear-ended the vehicle in front of his Ram pickup truck on Frederick Douglass Blvd before managing to drive four blocks and hitting three parked cars near West 147th Street. Martinez, who was still alive when police arrived, had been grazed on the chin and sustained gunshots to his arm and chest. He succumbed to his wounds at Harlem Hospital, where he'd been transported for treatment.

On February 28, 2022, 27-year-old Harlem-resident Shakeem Parker was arrested by the NYPD in connection to the shooting and later charged with weapons violations and Martinez's murder. Parker was being held at Rikers Island on an unrelated gun possession charge at the time of his arrest. According to investigators, he'd been caught on surveillance cameras arriving in Manhattan from the Bronx before meeting his brother at a deli near 147th Street and 7th Avenue. Parker is then alleged to have walked over to Martinez's vehicle and fired through the window before exiting via the Harlem River Houses and returning to the Bronx by cab. Cellphone data confirmed his whereabouts the night of Martinez's killing.

Stan, Rich Porter and Alpo

   Related:

   The Infamous...Rich Porter 

   The Infamous...Clarence "Preacher" Heatley

The Infamous...Nicky Barnes

by Ran 

Leroy Nicolas Barnes was born on October 15, 1933 in the Harlem section of New York City, New York. He and his sister grew up in a one bedroom apartment around Eighth Avenue and West 113th Street with their mother and father, Leroy, who worked as their building's superintendent. Leroy Sr. supplemented his income by selling marijuana and beer and hosting a regular poker game in the apartment. He also suffered from a gambling addiction, which ate into his profits. 

At six-years-old, Leroy Jr., nicknamed "Nicky", began spending time in the streets in an effort to avoid his parents' fights. During this time, he befriended fellow local youth Jackie Gomez with whom he executed purse snatchings and car break-ins. At 13, Barnes and Gomez joined the Tiny Turks street gang. As a teen, Barnes discovered a package of heroin that his father had stashed in one of his building's utility closets for a local drug dealer. The younger Barnes consumed the heroin, eventually developing a drug habit that he shared with Gomez. 

Barnes left home following an incident in which he attempted to break up one of his parents' fights by firing a zip gun at his father. Though the weapon exploded in the teen's hand and the bullet harmlessly bounced off of his father's jacket, his relationship with his father was further strained by the episode. As a consequence, Barnes crashed with fellow members of the Tiny Turks and sold heroin in order to support his addiction to the drug. He also dropped out of high school. After Barnes' dealing caught the attention of two neighborhood heroin dealers, they recruited the former to work as a courier, transporting packages of the product from East Harlem. Barnes' best friend Gomez was subsequently shot to death by police during a subway change booth robbery, prompting Barnes to swear off committing robberies and to go into business for himself as a heroin dealer. 

By 1959, Barnes was earning $1600 per day ($11,000 in today's money) selling heroin. However, his residence was subsequently raided by police, working on an informant tip, who seized  heroin, syringes, other drug paraphernalia and cash. He was convicted on drug charges and sentenced to three and a half years in prison in Dutchess County, New York's Green Haven Correctional Facility. During his stay at Green Haven, Barnes reportedly converted to Islam and became re-acquainted with Lucchese crime family associate and East Harlem heroin dealer Matthew "Matty" Madonna -- in spite of the prison's custom of racial segregation. Madonna, who was serving time for murder, taught Barnes mafia customs and policies, among other things, until the latter was released in 1962. 

Soon after his release, Barnes obtained a half-kilogram of heroin on consignment, a silencer-equipped Baretta handgun and a $5,000 cash loan from Madonna's brother, Frank, at the latter's East Harlem restaurant. 

Though he cut his heroin with baby laxative, Barnes made sure that the finished product was relatively pure and extremely potent compared to other dealers, ensuring a loyal customer base. 

That same year, Barnes was introduced to a woman known by the nickname "Sister" by one of his customers. "Sister", whom Barnes began dating, revealed that she'd cut heroin for a former boyfriend and suggested that Barnes hire a group of women to do the same for him -- except naked, in order to make stealing any of the product more difficult. Barnes and "Sister" were married during a civil ceremony in the Bronx by the end of the year. 

In 1965, one of Barnes' "processing labs", where the heroin was cut, was raided by police who seized an amount of heroin worth an estimated $500,000. After being convicted of drug possession, Barnes was sentenced to 25 years in prison. During his incarceration, he converted to Islam and befriended Colombo crime family member Joseph "Crazy Joe" Gallo. Gallo proposed that he and Barnes organize heroin distribution in Harlem as a first step toward usurping control of the New York City drug trade from the mafia. 

In 1969, following filings by an attorney provided by Gallo, an appellate court ruled that the information which led to the raid that ultimately landed Barnes in prison, had been obtained by police through an illegal wiretap of a conversation between Barnes and a business partner. The ruling led to the admission into evidence of audio recordings on which an NYPD officer discussed plans to frame Barnes. As a result, Barnes' conviction was reversed and he was released. 

Barnes' wife, however, had made a religious conversion and the two divorced. 

Madonna, who'd also been released, began supplying Barnes with large quantities of heroin.

In 1971, Barnes met dancer Thelma Grant, who quickly became pregnant with Barnes' child. She would have a girl that they named Nicole.

Intent on establishing a drug-trafficking organization designed to insulate himself from criminal convictions, Barnes recruited Harlem dealer Frank Alphonse James, Wallace "Wally" Rice, Joseph "Jazz" Hayden, Ishmael Muhammed, Brooklyn dealer Thomas "Gaps" Foreman, and Bronx dealer Guy Thomas Fisher. Barnes name the seven-man group The Council. Each member took an oath to "treat my brother as I treat myself". They also agreed to a hands-off policy regarding other members' girlfriends and wives. 

Each member of the Council ran his own territory. As a whole, the group's terrain spread throughout Harlem and Brooklyn. The Council's heroin was cheaper and of higher quality than that of their competitors. 

Barnes personally made $25 million annually from drug sales and he began to live accordingly. He purchased a home in the Bronx and two more in New Jersey. Barnes also owned a fleet of luxury cars and a wardrobe consisting of 200 suits, 100 pairs of shoes and 50 full-length leather coats. He also derived income from his purchases of travel agencies, gas stations and a chain of automated carwashes. 

Folk rock singer's chart-topping 1973 song "Bad, Bad Leroy Brown" is rumored to have been inspired by Barnes. The following year, someone attempted to post bail for Barnes' 1974 arrest with $100,000 in checks from a Harlem church. After the court rejected the money, he offered his equity in a $4.6 million Detroit housing project as collateral.

In 1975, Barnes met 19-year-old Shameka (last name unknown), whom he began dating, unbeknownst to Grant. 

That same year, the Council purchased an amount of heroin worth an estimated $250,000 from Bonanno crime family soldier Mikey Puglisi. When the product was deemed to weak to sell to users, the group intended to obtain a refund. However, Puglisi couldn't be located. When the mobster resurfaced in 1976, he offered to repay the money as well as to front them more product in an effort to repair his strained relationship with them. 

In July of 1976, Barnes ordered the murder of Puglisi, whom he suspected of cooperating with federal authorities. On July 29, two of Barnes' enforcers tracked Puglisi to Manhattan and shot him to death, hitting him 10 times in the chest. The trigger-men were so close to Puglisi during the shooting that the latter's shirt caught on fire. Though Barnes anticipated the Bonannos to retaliate for the killing of one of their own, no reprisals ever came.

On October 15, Barnes threw a party atop Midtown Manhattan's Time-Life Building to celebrate his birthday. The then three-year-old Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), who was investigating Barnes, infiltrated the party by sending agents undercover as waiters and valets. 

By November, the Council had generated $100 million in heroin sales, a fact which inspired the DEA to ramp up its investigation of the group.  That same month, undercover agent Louis "Lou" Diaz was introduced to Guy Fisher's younger brother, Wally, by informant Robert "G" Geronimo under the pretense that Diaz was seeking to re-enter the heroin trade after spending time in California and out of the business. 

Undercover DEA agent Mary Buckley infiltrated the organization beginning with an escort to a favorite hangout of Barnes' associates, Julia's Bar, a Harlem nightclub. Buckley was accompanied by a Harlem underworld figure known as "Promise Bruce". 

In December, Diaz got Wally Fisher to agree to sell him a half-kilogram of heroin, worth an estimated $200,000. Fisher was instructed by Barnes to get the heroin from Steven "Fat Stevie" Monsanto. On December 29, Geronimo and Diaz drove together to the Harlem River Motors Garage in order to obtain the drugs from Monsanto. The pair were accompanied by a DEA team who surveilled the proceedings from across the street. They even witnessed Barnes interacting with Monsanto, which led to his being charged.

In March of 1977, Buckley made a deal with a Barnes associate in which she paid him $12,000 for heroin at Julia's Bar.

By this time, Barnes had escaped conviction for 13 arrests in his adult life. On March 15, 1977, Barnes, Fisher and Hayden were among the organization members named on arrest warrants issued by the prosecutor's office. Barnes was apprehended after a brief car chase with police in Manhattan. Police arrested 19 other suspects and seized $300,000 in cash and an amount of heroin estimated to be worth $1 million. 

After making bail, Barnes agreed to participate in a cover story about his legal issues for the June 5, 1977 issue of The New York Times Magazine entitled "Mr. Untouchable". He wore Gucci shades and a red-white-and-blue necktie for the cover photo. After reading the story, President Jimmy Carter pressured the prosecutors assigned to the case to achieve a guilty verdict.

On September 29, 1977, the nine-week trial of Barnes and 14 others began. The trial made legal history as the first in the U.S. to utilize an anonymous jury. During the proceedings, the prosecution played audio recordings made secretly by Diaz that captured Hayden discussing drug deals. On December 2, Barnes, who'd testified that he'd ordered killings as opposed to committing them himself, Hayden and nine others were found guilty. Barnes was given a life sentence on January 19, 1978 by Judge Henry F. Werker. He was subsequently sent to a federal prison in Marion, Illinois to serve his sentence, during which time he earned a college degree. 

Fisher, who'd been acquitted, was left to run the Council, which now only consisted of himself, Muhammed, Foreman, James and Rice. After learning that Fisher had begun an affair with Barnes' mistress, Shameka, he ordered the new organization head murdered. However, the order was ignored. Barnes retaliated by agreeing to become a federal informant. 

On December 13, 1982, Shameka was shot to death in a Washington Heights bar. She'd been shot in the head by a masked triggerman.

On March 10, 1983, arrest warrants were issued for the remaining Council members.

Hayden discovered that Barnes had cooperated with federal investigators while on the yard at USP Lewisburg, the maximum-security federal prison in which he'd been incarcerated. 

Barnes broke down in tears during his testimony against his former associates. Fisher, Muhammed, Rice, Foreman and James were each found guilty of running a continuing criminal enterprise and subsequently given sentences of life without parole. Barnes' testimony against Thelma Grant and her subsequent guilty plea to federal narcotics charges resulted in her serving 10 years in prison.

Barnes' cooperation and testimony resulted in the convictions of close to 50 members of his drug organization.

In 1998, Barnes was released from prison and entered the U.S. Federal Witness Protection Program, where he reportedly operated an automated carwash. Barnes' daughters, who'd been placed in the foster system after their mother's imprisonment, were placed in the program as well. 

Barnes died of cancer in 2012 in an undisclosed location but due to the secrecy of the witness protection program, his death wasn't reported until 2019.

The Infamous...Thomas "Tootie" Reese

by Ran Britt

Thomas C. Reese entered the cocaine trade in 1965 and eventually established an ongoing relationship with an Iranian heroin supplier. Reese's organization consisted of six employees, including brothers Ron and Conway Waddy.

Though Reese's operation and his reputation grew in the 1970s, he often conducted business personally rather than delegating tasks to his workers. During negotiations with a dealer over the purchase of a pound of cocaine, Reese brandished a shotgun in order to convey his seriousness.

In 1972, Reese was arrested in Los Angeles and charged with possession and distribution of cocaine. Though he was found guilty and handed a 15-year sentence, the verdict was later reversed by a federal appeals court. In 1976, Reese was found not guilty of income tax evasion and in 1978, he was acquitted on a narcotics distribution charge.

A federal investigation into Reese's activities was launched in 1979. In the estimation of law enforcement, Reese was the preeminent African-American narcotics trafficker operating in Los Angeles during the 1960s and 70s.

On June 30, 1983, Reese associate Kevin Morgan was contacted by two undercover DEA agents in search of a cocaine supplier. During the phone call, Morgan set up a meeting at an LA gym and promised to introduce the pair to Reese's daughter, Rhonda. The following day, Morgan arrived for the meet in Reese's blue Rolls-Royce with Reese's 13 year-old son Thomas Reese, Jr; the two sold the agents an ounce of cocaine for $2,000.

In spite of his anger at Morgan for involving his son and suspicion that the would-be buyers were police officers, the elder Reese met the agents later that night at LA's Olympic Auditorium, where he attended a boxing match. That same night, Reese sold them an ounce of cocaine for $1,600 via Morgan. Still suspicious, Reese examined the serial numbers of the agents' cash and later sold his Rolls in order to prevent its potential seizure by police.

On September 6, Thomas and Linda Reese, accompanied by Reese-associate Carlos Garcia, met the two undercover agents at an LA cafe, where Reese agreed to provide them with a heroin sample and to sell them three ounces of cocaine. After selling the agents the cocaine for $4,800, Reese met them once more in Las Vegas and two more times in Los Angeles.

On September 27, the Reeses met the agents in a hotel room in Marina del Rey, California. Arriving in a green Rolls-Royce, Linda gave the pair five ounces of cocaine; when Thomas arrived, in a red Corvette, he brought a scale with which to weigh the narcotics and took the agents' $7500 payment. Three days later, Reese met the pair at an LA cafe and sold them $12,000 worth of heroin. On December 1, the day after meeting the agents at a Reseda, California country club to discuss business, the Reeses again met them at Marina del Rey's Marina International Hotel, where they sold them two kilograms of cocaine for $50,000. Both Thomas and Linda Reese were placed under arrest as they attempted to exit the hotel room. That same day, a search of the Reeses' home turned up a semi-automatic carbine rifle behind a painting in the living room and a .44 Magnum revolver under a pillow in the couple's bedroom.

A federal indictment naming Reese as a member of a cocaine and heroin distribution conspiracy was unsealed on December 2 and he was subsequently charged with 24 counts of drug-related offenses by a federal grand jury.

On June 19, 1984 Reese was found guilty on 20 counts of narcotics-related offenses by US District Court Judge Richard Gadbois, Jr. A charge of illegal possession of a firearm was dismissed. Linda Reese was found guilty on six counts, including: conspiracy to possess cocaine with intent to distribute; aiding and abetting the sale of cocaine; and possession with intent to distribute. The couple held hands as the verdicts were read. Reese faced a potential 129-year prison stint and a $345,000 fine; Linda faced a maximum of 60 years in prison.

Following the verdict, the father of 13 admitted to selling the kilograms during an interview with the Los Angeles Times. He was subsequently sentenced to 35 years in federal prison; Linda was sentenced to 10 years.

The Infamous...Bumpy Johnson

Ellsworth Raymond Johnson was born on October 31, 1906 in Charleston, SC. 

In 1916, Johnson's brother, Willie, was accused of killing a white man. Fearing that he'd become the victim of a retaliatory lynching, his parents sent him to live with the boys' sister, Mabel, in Harlem. In 1919, the Johnsons sent Bumpy to New York as well.

Bumpy found employment sweeping floors and selling newspapers. He subsequently embarked on a gambling career, hustling pool and shooting dice. Within two years of arriving in New York, the South Carolinian transplant had become a burglar as well. He reportedly earned the nickname "Bumpy" because of a prominent bump on the back of his head.

Johnson attended Brooklyn's Boys High and after graduating, he enrolled in City College as a pre-law major.

At 19-years-old, Johnson was arrested for burglary following completion of a single semester in college. He would serve seven years in prison. 

In 1932, a newly-paroled Johnson's entrance into organized crime came when he was hired as an enforcer by Harlem numbers-runner Madame Stephanie St Clair. St Clair needed the additional muscle for her war with Jewish-American mobster Arthur "Dutch Schultz" Flegenheimer. Initially a bootlegger, Schultz encroached on St Clair's operation following the repeal of Prohibition. The Schultz conflict raged for years, eventually prompting St Clair to retire and turn her operation over to Johnson, with whom it's believed she also had an intimate relationship.

The numbers was an unofficial and illegal lottery devised in the 1920s. Players made bets on a three-digit number of their choosing, gambling that their number would be the one selected as the big winner.

Following Schultz's October 1935 murder, suspected to have been ordered by mobster Salvatore "Lucky Luciano" Lucania, Johnson secured a deal with the Italian gangster that allowed his and the other Black organizations to remain independent on the condition that they paid a 1% tribute to La Cosa Nostra.  This independence -- and his expansion into the heroin trade -- allowed Johnson to flourish and he eventually became the preeminent gangster in Harlem. Numbers-running brought in an estimated $100 million in 1935.

Johnson's growing power -- and his taste for nightlife -- brought him into regular contact with celebrities with whom he forged friendships, including: boxing champion Sugar Ray Robinson; tap dancer Bill "Bojangles" Robinson; and singers Cab Calloway, Billie Holiday and Lena Horne.

In 1948, Johnson met future wife Mayme Hatcher, with whom he quickly began a romantic relationship, at a local restaurant. That October, Johnson proposed during a drive around Harlem with Hatcher in his Cadillac.

A ladies man, Johnson maintained a relationship with writer and former Vanity Fair managing editor Helen Lawrenson. But he was also a family man. Johnson raised his grandchild, Margaret Johnson, born in 1950, as his daughter, pampering her with chauffeured limousine rides to private school and extravagant birthday parties.

In 1952, Johnson was indicted for narcotics trafficking. In 1954, after being released on $22,500 bail, Johnson turned himself in to New York police to begin a 15-year prison sentence stemming from a drug-trafficking conviction. Johnson had filed -- and lost -- an appeal accusing multiple prosecution witnesses of perjuring themselves at his trial. He was sent to San Francisco's infamous Alcatraz prison, where he was designated inmate number 1117.

Nicknamed "the Rock", Alcatraz, which was ordered closed down by Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy in 1963, was notoriously difficult to flee. However, during his stint, Johnson is widely believed to have aided the June 11, 1962 escape of three men from the island facility. Johnson is rumored to have arranged for a boat to transport the escapees to Pier 13 in San Francisco's Hunter's Point once they reached the San Francisco Bay.

Upon his release and return to Harlem in 1963, Johnson was welcomed back to his adopted hometown with a parade. Vowing to go legit, Johnson opened the Palmetto Exterminating Business shortly after his return. 

In 1965, Johnson orchestrated a sit-in protest at a local police station in order to express his objection to law enforcement surveillance. He was charged with, and eventually acquitted of, "refusal to leave a police station".

In 1967, Johnson was arrested following a brief chase through traffic and charged with drug trafficking by federal agents acting on information supplied by a confidential informant. However, a search of Johnson's vehicle came up empty. He was released on $50,000 bond. 

On July 7, 1968, Johnson dined at Harlem's Well's Restaurant, where he suffered a heart attack in the company of childhood friend Finley Hoskins. After being transported to Harlem Hospital, Johnson was pronounced dead from congestive heart failure. His last meal was chicken legs, hominy grits and coffee.

Funeral services for Johnson were held on July 11 at St. Martin's Episcopal Church, located at 122nd St and Lenox Avenue. He was interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx.

Johnson with his granddaughter Margaret at her 14th birthday party

The Infamous..."Crazy Joe" Gallo

Joseph Gallo was born on April 7, 1929 in the Red Hook section of Brooklyn, New York to a loan shark father, Umberto, and his wife, Mary. Joseph had one sister, Carmella, and two brothers: Lawrence and Albert. Joseph attended Brooklyn's Public School 179.

Rumor has it that after seeing Kiss of Death in 1947, Gallo began imitating and dressing like the film's main character Tommy Udo, portrayed by Richard Widmark. In 1950, Joey was convicted for burglary but was given a suspended sentence after being diagnosed with paranoid-schizophrenia. Seven years later, he allegedly murdered Albert Anastasia, head of "Murder Incorporated", which earned him (as well as Larry) a position in the Profaci crime family as a made man. Gallo and Jackie "Mad Dog" Nazarian allegedly shot Anastasia to death as he sat in a barber chair in Manhattan's Park Sheraton Hotel.

Not long after, the dissatisfied Gallo brothers and various fellow mobsters rebelled against the head of the family, Guiseppi "Joe" Profaci, and established a base of operations in a South Brooklyn warehouse. By this time, Larry had earned the nickname "the Boss" and Albert, the youngest Gallo sibling, was known as "Al the Blast". In 1961, the Gallos kidnapped Profaci's brother, brother-in-law and Profaci family underboss Joseph Colombo, demanding a greater share of the organization's proceeds in exchange for their release. On January 31, 1962, Larry and Al, along with fellow gang members John "Lupo" Commarato, Leonard "Lenny" Dello, Anthony "Tony Shots" Abbatemarco, Frank "Punchy" Illiano and Alphonso "Peanuts" Serantonio, rescued six children from their burning apartment on South Brooklyn's President street, which they controlled. Joe was incarcerated at upstate New York's Attica Correctional Facility at the time. 

In 1960, Gallo married Jeffie Lee Boyd and in 1962, the couple welcomed a daughter, Joie. The pair divorced when Gallo was sentenced to five years in prison. However, upon his release, the two remarried. The couple divorced for the second and final time in 1971, after which Jeffie moved to California with Joie.

Larry Gallo died of cancer in 1968.

After serving eight years for an attempted extortion conviction for muscling the owner of a Brooklyn bar, Gallo was released from the Ossining State Correctional Facility on April 11, 1971. During Gallo's incarceration, Joseph Anthony Colombo took over the Profaci family following the death of the organization's namesake. While he renamed the gang after himself, Colombo nevertheless founded the Italian American Civil Rights League, an organization dedicated to eliminating the "myth" of Italian Americans, such as himself, as gangsters. Opposed to his high-profile, Gallo challenged Colombo for power shortly after his release, attempting to extort him for $100,000. In turn, Colombo placed a hit on Gallo. However, on June 28, Colombo was shot in front of a crowd of thousands, including NYC mayor John Lindsay, at an Italian American Civil Rights League event near Central Park. As Colombo was preparing to speak, an African American man, Jerome Johnson, opened fire on him. Johnson, in turn, was quickly shot to death. Though the incident, which left Colombo paralyzed, garnered an enormous amount of publicity, including a cover story in Time magazine, a clear motive for the shooting was never established. However, many believed that it was orchestrated by Gallo.

Later that year, a film adaptation of the book The Gang Who Couldn't Shoot Straight, loosely based on Gallo's crew and their exploits, was released. Though he reportedly resented the film's depiction of him, Gallo befriended the actor --Jerry Orbach -- who portrayed the character "Kid Sally", who was loosely based on Gallo. It wasn't long before Gallo and his new girlfriend, Sina Essary, began going on double dates with Orbach and his wife Marta. In fact, Gallo and Essary, a former nun from Ohio, were married in the Orbach's home in March of 1972. Popular 1970s comedian David Steinberg served as Gallo's best man.

Joe Gallo (left)

On April 6, 1972, Gallo, dressed in a pinstripe suit and a gray fedora, and friends, including his new wife Sina Essary Gallo, whom he'd married the previous month, and her 10-year-old daughter, Lisa (a Broadway star); his sister, Carmella Fiorello; Steinberg; the Orbachs; stand-up comic Don Rickles; childhood friend (the two met at P.S. 179) and bodyguard Peter "Pete the Greek" Diapoulas and his date, Edith Russo; and bodyguard Robert "Bobby Darrow" Bongiovi partied at Manhattan's Copacabana to celebrate Gallo's birthday until the legendary nightclub closed at approximately 4 a.m. Gallo's party --minus the Orbachs, Rickles, Steinberg and Bongiovi -- then headed to Umberto's Clam House in Gallo's black 1971 Cadillac for breakfast. At approximately 5:30 a.m. on April 7, 1972, Gallo was shot to death by a lone unknown assailant armed with a .38 caliber handgun during his birthday celebration at Umberto's, located at 129 Mulberry Street in Manhattan's Little Italy. Diapoulas sustained a gunshot to the left hip during an exchange with the triggerman, during which 20 shots were fired. The assailant, who, according to witnesses, entered the restaurant through a side door, was described as being middle-aged, having black hair and standing 5'8". 

Gallo upended the table at which the group was seated, and after sustaining injuries, exited through the front door before collapsing, dead, on Hester Street. Because Umberto's was located one block from Police Headquarters, officers arrived quickly, alerted by the shooting, and both Gallo and Diapoulas were transported, via police car, to Beekman-Downtown Hospital for treatment. Gallo had been shot in the back, left elbow and left buttock and was pronounced dead at the hospital. Diapoulas, who was placed under police guard at the facility, refused to cooperate when questioned about the shooting. In fact, he even declined to reveal his name. Mrs. Fiorello, who was overcome with emotion, had to be sedated. Diapoulas was subsequently convicted for unlawful possession of an unloaded firearm and served a year in prison.

The Gallo-Colombo war intensified following Joe's death. At approximately 9:30 pm on August 11, 1972, a lone assailant armed with two long-barreled revolvers, gunned down four men dining in Manhattan's Neapolitan Noodle restaurant. Two of the men, Leon Schneider and Jack Forem, survived, while the other two, Sheldon Epstein and Max Tekelch, were killed. Forem sustained a bullet in the leg and Schneider was treated at New York Hospital for four gunshots. The triggerman, a Las Vegas hitman, had mistaken the four victims for Colombo soldiers and opened fire when they left the bar area of the restaurants with their dates. In the summer of 1974, four members of the Gallo crew were shot at a benefit held at a Brooklyn synagogue. One of the men, Steve Grillo, was killed. 

In 1975, Diapoulas identified Gallo's killer as Carmine Di Blase, also known by the alias Sonny Pinto. Joseph Luparelli later admitted to being the getaway driver.  

Joe Gallo

Umberto's Clam House

Albert Anastasia post-mortem

The Infamous...Angelo Bruno

Angelo Annaloro was born on May 21, 1910, in Sicily, Italy. He moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania with his family as a teenager. Annaloro's father opened a local grocery store, where he Angelo helped out.

Bruno became a "made man" during his thirties.

Annaloro eventually adopted the surname "Bruno" as a nod to Philadelphia mobster Giuseppe "Joe Bruno" Dovi. Bruno married Sue Maranca, with whom he eventually had two children: Michael and Jean.

Bruno painted the windows of the family home on Broad Street black in order to protect his number-running business from surveillance.

Bruno later moved his family to a three-bedroom rowhouse on 934 Snyder Avenue -- the first home that he owned. 

Bruno was named head of the Philadelphia family by 1959, replacing Antonio Pollina. Bruno oversaw the organization's participation in extortion, loan sharking and racketeering, which yielded significant profits.

In 1960, Bruno was reported to be one of nine men who comprised La Cosa Nostra's national commission.

In late 1963, Bruno was charged with conspiracy to travel across state lines to commit extortion following an October 31 indictment; his bail was set at $75,000 by U.S. Commissioner Francis H. Farrell.

In 1976, Atlantic City, New Jersey was on the verge of legalizing gambling in the city, prompting Bruno to exploit his ties to Pittsburgh steel corporations to involve himself in the construction of casinos -- and later, their operation -- in the burgeoning gaming destination.

Bruno earned the nickname "the Gentle Don" because of his rumored preference for resolving conflicts non-violently. Bruno even exiled one of his soldiers, Nicodemo "Little Nicky" Scarfo, to Atlantic City, New Jersey because he deemed him too violent. Bruno also adhered, at least officially, to the long-standing Cosa Nostra prohibition on narcotics sales. 

Not one to shun the limelight, Bruno rubbed shoulders with celebrities such as Frank Sinatra, Joe DiMaggio and Vic Damone. DiMaggio even reportedly sold some of actress Marilyn Monroe's jewelry to the mobster after the couple divorced.

Bruno threw his daughter Jean an extravagant 16th birthday party at chic Philadelphia area nightclub the Latin Casino.

In 1971, Bruno was indicted by a federal grand jury and charged with conspiring to prepare a fraudulent tax return -- for 1965 -- for his wife, Sue. Mrs. Bruno was charged with knowingly submitting the alleged false return. However, after Bruno's co-defendants, Martin A. Coopersmith and Marvin J. Levin, were granted a separate trial and acquitted following the three-week proceedings, his conspiracy charge was dismissed.

However, following Bruno's refusal to testify before the New Jersey State Commission of Investigation, he was incarcerated at the New Jersey State Prison, located at Yardville, NJ.

In April 0f 1977, Bruno met with New York's Gambino crime family capo regime Paul Castellano at Cherry Hill, New Jersey's Valentino's Restaurant. According to investigators, the summit was convened at the Gambinos' request because of their interest in securing Bruno's approval to operate in Atlantic City, which was a part of his South Jersey turf for decades, and would soon be hosting legalized casino gambling. Subsequently, two Gambino family members met with Bruno at his home on April 10, Easter Sunday, at which an agreement between the two organizations was reached. In May, Bruno agreed to testify before the State Commission of Investigation, but ultimately failed to satisfy the panel's inquiries regarding organized crime in New Jersey. In June, New Jersey governor Brendan Byrne signed a bill allowing casino betting in the Garden State.

On Friday, March 21, 1980, Bruno had a meal of chicken Sicilian and rigatoni marinara at South Philadelphia restaurant Cous' Little Italy before heading home. He was killed by a single shotgun blast to the back of his head as he sat in the front passenger seat of a car parked in front of his South Philadelphia rowhouse, located at 934 Snyder Avenue. He remained seated upright with his mouth open in death. Bruno's driver, John Stanfa, sustained minor injuries from shotgun pellets. Bruno's murder is widely believed to have been retaliation from members of his own organization who resented his agreement to allow the Gambinos to conduct business within their territory. It would later be revealed that Philadelphia family consigliere Anthony "Tony Bananas" Caponigro put out a contract to murder Bruno.

Bruno's funeral was held on March 27. His copper-lined casket weighed 800 pounds. Bruno's death would bring an end to the longest tenure of anyone atop the Philadelphia family in the organization's history. 

Caponigro was found murdered in April; his corpse was discovered in the trunk of a car in the South Bronx, New York. Approximately $300 in cash was found lodged in his mouth and rectum as a message -- a warning against greed. He'd been shot to death at his own home by mob enforcer Joe "Mad Dog" Sullivan because he'd failed to secure the Commission's (the Mob's ruling body) blessing to kill Bruno.

In February of 1981, a federal racketeering indictment naming Bruno the head of the Philadelphia crime family came down. Bruno wasn't charged because of his murder.

Though a May 27, 1981 Philadelphia Daily News article announced Bruno associate Frank "Frankie Flowers" D'Alfonso as the new boss in the wake of the former's murder, the report was incorrect and angered the actual new head of the family, Nicodemo Scarfo, who'd succeeded short-lived organization head, and former Bruno underboss Philip "the Chicken Man" Testa after his March 1981 murder. Scarfo consequently dispatched Eugene "Gino" Milano and Salvatore Testa to interrogate D'Alfonso, who was never inducted into the mafia, about his business dealings. When he refused to answer their questions, Testa and Milano beat D'Alfonso with a baseball bat and a pipe, leaving him for dead.

Though he survived the assault, D'Alfonso was shot to death in 1985, allegedly at Scarfo's behest. Nicholas Milano, Eugene Milano, Joseph Ligambi, Salvatore Merlino, Lawrence Merlino, Francis Iannarella, Thomas DelGiorno, Frank Narducci, Phillip Narducci and Scarfo were charged with first-degree murder, conspiracy to commit the murder and possession of an instrument of crime. Following a three-week trial, all but DelGiorno and Eugene Milano -- both of whom agreed to cooperate with the prosecution -- were convicted on all charges and given mandatory life sentences for the murder conviction. However, the convictions were reversed on appeal in 1992, largely due to prosecutorial misconduct. 

Stanfa was named boss of the Philadelphia family in 1989. 

On March 17, 2016, the Philadelphia Historical Commission rejected a petition to have Bruno's three-bedroom Snyder Avenue rowhouse designated one of the city's historical landmarks.

The Infamous...Phil "Chicken Man" Testa

Philip Carlos Testa was born on April 21, 1924 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

Eventually, Testa joined the Philadelphia crime family and rose through the ranks to become underboss to the organization's longtime leader, Angelo Bruno.

On Friday, March 21, 1980, Bruno was killed by a single shotgun blast to the back of his head as he sat in the front passenger seat of a car parked in front of his South Philadelphia rowhouse. Bruno's sudden demise left Testa in charge of the organization.

On February 21, 1981, Testa and nine others, including: Frank "Chickie" Narducci, who oversaw the organization's gambling operations; Harry "Hunchback" and Mario "Sonny" Riccobene; former Teamster Joseph "Chickie" Ciancaglini; Carl "Pappy" Ippolito; Frank Primerano; Pasquale Spirito; former Philadelphia police officer Joseph Bongiovanni; and Charles Fred Warrington were indicted on federal racketeering charges involving gambling and loan-sharking. After surrendering to federal agents, Testa was freed on $40,000 bail. 

On March 15, 1981, Testa was killed on the porch of his South Philadelphia home by a bomb filled with shotgun pellets and nails. The murder would be the sixth in the Philadelphia family power struggle that ensued following Angelo Bruno's 1980 shooting death. Testa was interred with his wife, Alfia Arcidiacono Testa, at Holy Cross Cemetery in Yeadon, PA.

A suspect in Testa's homicide, Rocco Marinucci, was subsequently discovered shot to death one year after the former's death; firecrackers had been placed in the mouth of his corpse. However, on June 11, 1982, 21-year-old South Philadelphia waiter Theodore DiPretoro was arrested and charged with Testa's murder. On September 21, 1983, DiPretoro pleaded guilty to first-degree murder in connection to Testa's killing in order to avoid the death penalty. He also admitted that Marinucci participated in the murder as well.

At 10:23 pm, on September 15, 1984, Testa's son, Salvatore Testa, was discovered murdered on Garwood Road in Glouchester Township, New Jersey. He'd been shot once behind each year and wrapped in a blanket. Acting on an anonymous tip, police located the younger Testa's corpse attired in white tennis shorts, matching sneakers and a white Temple University t-shirt. 

Phil Testa (left) and Angelo Bruno (right)

The Infamous...Anthony "Tony Pro" Provenzano

Anthony Provenzano was born on May 7, 1917 on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. He was one of six sons of Sicilian immigrants Rosario and Josephine Dispensa Provenzano. At 17-years-old, Anthony dropped out of school and took a job as a truck driver in Hackensack, New Jersey, earning $10 per week. 

Provenzano married Marie-Paule Migneron, with whom he had four daughters: Marie, Josephine, Charlotte and Doreen.

Provenzano joined the International Brotherhood of Teamsters and by 1941, he'd worked his way up to shop steward. By 1958, the former amateur boxer had become the head of the 13,000-member Local 560 Teamsters Union, headquartered in Union City, New Jersey. The following year, Provenzano was called to testify before the Senate Labor Rackets Committee investigating racketeering; he invoked his Fifth Amendment rights 44 times in response to questioning from the committee's chief counsel, Robert F. Kennedy.

In 1961, Provenzano was tried for the murder of union rival Anthony Castellito. Court testimony revealed that Provenzano had paid mobster Harold Konigsberg $15,000 to kill Castellito. Konigsberg and three associates carried out the hit at the former's Kerhonkson, New York summer home; after being struck with a lead truncheon, Castellito was strangled to death with a garrote.
In 1963, Provenzano was tried for extortion. During the trial, a Provenzano rival, Walter Glockner, was murdered in Hoboken, New Jersey. Following his conviction, Provenzano was sentenced to seven years in prison and sent to the high-security federal penitentiary in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania -- the same facility where Boston mobster James "Whitey" Bulger, serving a 20-year sentence for three bank robberies; future mob boss, John Gotti; and Teamster president Jimmy Hoffa were incarcerated. 

Hoffa was last seen in a Detroit suburb on July 30, 1975. When he disappeared, Hoffa was scheduled to meet with Provenzano. Like Castellito, Hoffa's body has never been found. An FBI investigation determined that three Provenzano associates had abducted Hoffa and cremated his remains in an incinerator after putting his body through a garbage shredder.

In 1978, Provenzano was convicted for his role in Anthony Castellito's murder and sentenced to 25 years-to-life in prison. That same year, Provenzano was convicted for extortion in New York and given a four-year federal prison sentence. The following year, he was convicted of extortion in New Jersey and sentenced to 20 years in federal prison.

Provenzano began his sentence in 1980 at FCI Lompoc, a low-security federal facility located 140 miles northwest of Los Angeles, California. Though he was eligible for parole in 1985, Provenzano declined to attend a parole hearing, as his release would've led to the start of his 25-year sentence in New York and he reportedly preferred the California weather. 

In November of 1988, Provenzano was admitted to Lompoc District Hospital for treatment of congestive heart failure. On December 12, 1988, he suffered a fatal heart attack. Provenzano's funeral was held at Clifton, New Jersey's St. Andrews Roman Catholic Church on December 17. He was interred at Hackensack's St. Joseph's Cemetery. 

Jimmy Hoffa (left) and Anthony Provenzano (right)

The Infamous...Miguel Angel Felix Gallardo

by Ran

Miguel Angel Felix Gallardo was born on January 8, 1946 in Mexico.

Like his future business partners, Rafael Caro Quintero and Ernesto Fonseco, Gallardo moved to Culiacan, the capital of Mexico's Sinaloa state, from rural Mexico. All three initially resided in the impoverished Tierra Blanca section of the city. Gallardo began his business career selling sausages and chicken from a bicycle. He later became a police officer and later a bodyguard until ultimately entering the drug trade.

While the majority of drug shipments from Colombia to the U.S. in the 1970s entered the country through Florida, Colombian cartels also established routes through Mexico. Medellin Cartel leader Benjamin "Black Pope" Herrera Zuleta, father of Cali Cartel leader Helmer "Pacho" Herrera Buitrago, forged a business relationship with Mexican drug trafficker Alberto Sicilia Falcon after the two were introduced by Cuban-born drug kingpin Juan Matta-Ballesteros. Shortly after Sicilia Falcon's arrest, Gallardo filled his position as point-man for the Mexican end of the transportation network.

Gallardo's influence spread to legitimate business as well. He held a seat on the Board of Directors of the Mexican state-owned investment bank SOMEX and invested in the Mexican resort city of Puerto Vallarta. 

According to eyewitnesses, DEA agent Enrique S. Camarena was kidnapped in Guadalajara by four men while heading to meet his wife for lunch on February 7, 1985. The bodies of Camarena and his pilot Alfredo Zavala were discovered that March near a ranch in Michocoan. In mid-March, 13 former and then-current law enforcement personnel, six of whom were members of the Jalisco state judicial police, were arrested in connection to the killing. One, Gabriel Gonzalez Gonzalez, died from acute hemorrhaging of the pancreas while in custody. Gonzalez was a former Guadalajara metropolitan section commander assigned to the homicide division. While Gallardo was widely suspected of ordering Camarena's death, fellow Guadalajara cartel founders Rafael Caro Quintero and Ernesto "Don Neto" Fonseco Carrillo were charged in connection to the murder. The murders of Camarena and Zavala were widely believed to be retribution for the shutdown of some of the cartel's marijuana plantations that resulted from the former's undercover investigation.

In 1986, Gallardo reportedly attended a quinceanera in Culiacan, the capital of Mexico's Sinaloa state, accompanied by a caravan of 12 green vans, each filled with at least four armed men. The city's governor, Antonio Toledo Corro, who died July 6, 2018 at the age of 99, was alleged by U.S. sources to be actively protecting drug traffickers in the region. U.S. officials also alleged that Gallardo had spent time as a guest at Toledo Corro's ranch, though the latter denied having ever met the former. However, it was reported that Gallardo's nephew, Antonio Toledo Felix, happened to be Toledo Corro's illegitimate son with Gallardo's sister.

Photo via Proceso

Sinaloa was plagued by violence in 1986. There were 1,400 killings in the state that year.

Following a three-month criminal investigation, Gallardo was arrested at his home in Guadalajara on April 8, 1989. However, Mexico Attorney General Enrique Alvarez del Castillo believed that Gallardo disapproved of murdering Camarena. Approximately 80 local police officers were arrested as well, though most were released after being questioned. The suspects included Arturo Moreno, director of the Sinaloa State Judicial Police, and Robespierre Lizarraga Coronel, chief of the Culiacan municipal police.

Undeterred by his incarceration, Gallardo continued to lead the cartel from prison, giving orders via mobile phone. In 1991, however, he was transferred to the then newly-constructed Altiplano maximum-security prison (Mexico's first) located in the Mexican town of Almoloya de Juarez. Following Gallardo's transfer, the Guadalajara Cartel was divided into smaller organizations -- the Sinaloa Cartel, run by his former lieutenants, Hector Palma Salazar and Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman Loera; the Juarez cartel, led by Amado Carrillo Fuentes; and the Tijuana Cartel, headed by Gallardo's nephews, the Arellano-Felix brothers.

On August 23, 1994, Gallardo's kidnapping charge was vacated by the First Unitary Criminal Court of Guadalajara.

However, he was sentenced to 40 years in prison for homicide, cocaine possession, bribery and carrying a weapon. Quintero was convicted for the same crimes and received the same sentence. 

In 2013, Rafael Caro Quintero's conviction was overturned and he was released from prison. However, he is still being pursued by U.S. authorities, who have offered a $5 million reward for information leading to his capture. In 2016, a judge ordered that Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo be allowed to complete his sentence under house arrest due to his deteriorating medical condition. That same year, Gallardo requested that Jalisco's Fourth District Court in Federal Criminal Proceedings allow him to be transferred to home detention as well, citing failing health, specifically, hearing loss, a hernia, cataracts in one eye, the loss of the other eye, and a ministroke. Though Gallardo's request for home confinement was denied the following year, he was granted a transfer to a medium-security prison in Guadalajara, Jalisco. 

On August 23, 2017, following a retrial ordered in the early 2000s, a Mexican federal judge handed Gallardo a 37-year prison sentence for the murders of Camarena and Zavala. Gallardo was also ordered to pay $1.18 million in damages.

At its peak, the Guadalajara Cartel is estimated to have shipped upwards of four tons of cocaine to the U.S. monthly.

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